Cellular base station - description of equipment, principle of operation

Today, the cell phone has become an important part of our lives. With the help of it we correspond, call each other and use the mobile Internet. But even now, when cellular operators do everything to improve communication, there are failures, and sometimes the connection disappears or is completely absent. Not everyone knows how cellular communications work and what determines its quality. To cover the territory and high quality of cellular communications, operator companies are increasingly building (installing) base stations. A base station map will help you stay connected.

Yota coverage map

The new provider, with the first 4G frequencies in Russia, was founded in 2006. In 2008, the first fourth-generation Wimax network in Russia was launched. Through trial and error, the decision was gradually made to switch to the more promising LTE technology. Now Yota is one of Megafon's divisions. He is the leader of the "Big Three" cellular monopolists in the country. This company is interesting because it provides large volumes of traffic and a good coverage area.

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Radiation and human health

The human body normally emits vibrations with a frequency of 68–90 MHz. Each organ works normally in its own range. With prolonged exposure to fluctuations of other values, reconfiguration occurs, a failure in the normal functioning of organs, and the wavelength of organs changes. The first to suffer is the brain, which produces the highest frequency of 75–90 MHz.

In the city

The distance from a residential building to a cell tower is established by SNiP and other regulatory documents on the basis that radiation will not exceed the permissible level - 0.1 W/m2. This minimal level of radiation does not affect human health and does not cause harm over long-term exposure.

How to use a card from MTS, Megafon, Yota, Tele2, Beeline, Rostelecom, Sberbank, SkyLink

The generated network coverage area is based on computer modeling. Unfortunately, modern methods for generating coverage maps cannot take into account all factors that adversely affect the propagation of communication frequencies: parameters of technological devices, terrain and buildings, weather changes, etc. We remind you that in fact the coverage area of ​​4g and other frequencies may differ both up and down.

• Yota: Yota 2G
• Iota 3G
• Iota 4G

View

By default, operator zones are disabled. When you select 4G, you will see LTE coverage areas and approximate tower locations. The location is automatically determined by geolocation tools.

Buttons

At the top of the Map there are buttons for other mobile Internet operators. When clicked, the communication network location zone layer is loaded.

By determining the best coverage area, you can layer layers of different operators on top of each other. Easily determine which operator is right for you.

Coating Color MTS, Megafon, Yota, Tele2, Beeline, Rostelecom, Sberbank, SkyLink

At the bottom of the Coverage Map there are hint pictures with the color background of each operator. When simultaneously enabling Coverage of several layers of Communication Maps, be careful. By turning on and off the operator buttons, you can accurately determine the most convenient operator for you - MTS, Megafon, Yota, Tele2.

Types of base stations

First of all, cellular base stations vary in size. According to this parameter they can be divided into:

• femtocells
• pico
• micro
• macro

Femtocell is the smallest and can rather be called an access point. Typically, the cellular operator has no connection with this equipment; it is the property of the consumer, and provides communications for the household or business. The device does not require operator intervention and automatically detects radio parameters and connections to the operator network. It is placed indoors and has dimensions comparable to home routers.

The next largest devices are low-power cellular base stations - Picocells. The device is comparable in size to a laptop or even a laptop computer. Used in areas of potentially large concentrations of Internet users to distribute a local IP/Ethernet network signal. Installed in large office buildings, hypermarkets, exhibition, business and fair complexes. Although they are installed by mobile operators, they are not yet full-fledged base cellular stations.

The next largest and already fully functional cellular communication station is a microcell. Being small in size and weighing up to 50 kg, it provides communication within a radius of up to 5 km.

Its dimensions limit the number of supported subscribers. Therefore, microcells are used in small settlements, to provide local areas of large cities, where there is no need for powerful emitters or there is nowhere to install them. They are almost invisible on the pillars. And recently they have also learned to disguise them as trees.

And finally, full-fledged, powerful cellular base stations that are installed everywhere. Their installation on hills in cities is especially relevant. Outside the city, powerful stations are installed to ensure the largest possible coverage radius, because the installation of each is associated with the creation of at least minimal infrastructure. This is a power line and the possibility of access for installation and maintenance. Therefore, it is easier to install one powerful one than several small cellular communication stations.

The coverage area of ​​each base cellular station depends on the terrain of the surrounding area, the height of the antenna, the amount of interference and obstacles within the radius of cellular communication. Therefore, when planning an installation site, the coverage radius is not always of paramount importance. In addition to the above factors, the possible growth in the number of subscribers is also taken into account. Such growth may trigger restrictions on the simultaneous connection of cell phones. In this case, operators have to reduce the range of the installed one and additionally install several cellular communication stations.

Tele2 2G, 3G and 4G coverage map

When we talk about Tele2, we remember low tariffs and decent communication services. In each place in different regions, territories and republics, LTE network coverage is different from each other. Tele2's large infrastructure will help this operator make its 3g coverage area the fastest possible Internet.

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What determines the repeater coverage area?

From the characteristics of the repeater. As with range, room coverage is directly affected by key amplifier specifications. Gain and output power largely determine how much area the cellular signal will be distributed after amplification.

From the input signal level. The repeater increases the signal that comes from the street (receiving, donor) antenna. The higher the quality of the original signal, the more powerful the signal at the repeater output after amplification. To achieve maximum repeater performance, you need to install an optimal outdoor antenna (narrow directivity with high gain) and point it towards the operator’s base station. The more accurately the antenna is tuned towards the signal source, the more powerful the signal will go to the repeater for amplification and the larger the final coverage area of ​​the system will be.

From the layout of the room. Thick walls, concrete floors and other design features of the building prevent the free passage of the signal. As a rule, the maximum coverage area of ​​a repeater is achievable only when the signal propagates in free space. To amplify the signal in buildings with several rooms, it is necessary to install several distribution (indoor antennas) connected to the repeater through a signal divider.

Below are the most popular repeater models with approximate range and coverage area.

Beeline 2G, 3G and 4G coverage map

Beeline has a very large subscriber base. Cellular communications have been modernized and now LTE Internet has become a reality for Beeline. 05/15/2018 We have added to the general coverage map the network zone of this provider. It is worth noting that this people's map was obtained from open sources of the site geo.minsvyaz.ru. The map is used to accurately determine the presence of a signal in the area of ​​the Beeline network. A visitor to our resource can evaluate the network zones of this cellular operator.

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Cellular base station equipment

Structurally, all gsm and lte base stations consist of three main components. This is an antenna, a radio unit and a power supply system.

Visually, the location of the cellular base station can be determined by the antennas. This is a required element of the device. It is the antennas that receive and transmit signals between themselves and subscribers. The antenna is a very important part of the base, on which the quality of mobile communications depends. Such towers with antennas have already become a familiar feature of urban and rural landscapes.

To communicate with the network (neighboring stations), optical fiber is used. If this is difficult to do or is not at all possible, then a relay communication antenna is also installed on the mast. It looks like a dish and looks a bit like satellite dishes.

From the antennas, the signal is sent to radio units, which are installed openly (outside) or in special rooms.

Radio units heat up during operation. Therefore, indoor equipment rooms require forced cooling using air conditioning. External ones are cooled naturally.

The third main component of base stations is the power system. It includes an AC-DC converter with control and protective equipment. And of course batteries for uninterruptible power supply.

The rest of the equipment ensures the normal functioning of the main systems, and is located in the room itself or next to it in special cabinets or containers. These are climate control (air conditioning and heater), ventilation and security systems, fire-fighting devices and other auxiliary equipment.

Tinkoff 2G, 3G and 4G coverage areas

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The coverage of the Tinkoff Mobile network is very large. The new mobile operator operates under the MVNO scheme. It allows you to rent dedicated bandwidth in the frequencies of different operators. Don’t be surprised when you notice that Tinkoff Mobile subscribers are connected where another provider is unavailable. The company offers big bonuses and cashback on transactions. Entering your number automatically includes a cash prize in your account.

Maintenance of mobile communication base stations

Any equipment requires periodic prevention and maintenance. A typical inspection includes taking electrical meter readings, testing the power supply, and inspecting the electronics, mast, antennas, and cables. In emergency situations, service engineers do not act blindly. To track problems, there is a remote equipment monitoring system. Therefore, they know in advance about possible problems, and the breakdown of any element does not cause panic among employees of cellular companies. Modern cellular stations are assembled using a modular system; blocks can be changed quite easily and quickly. Servicing of cellular base stations is structured in such a way that problems are resolved immediately and subscribers always remain connected.

To monitor the general operation of cellular networks, there is special equipment, which is usually permanently installed in a car. Such a laboratory on wheels is used to evaluate signal quality in various parts of cities and when traveling into open areas. Moreover, companies monitor both their own and competitors’ networks.

Another way companies monitor their networks is by using a base station simulator. It is needed to search, identify and detect devices for covert information collection and eavesdropping on cellular subscribers. Cellular companies strive to protect themselves and their customers from secret intrusion into data exchange and wiretapping of telephone calls.

Danycom 2G, 3G and 4G coverage

The Russian mobile operator Danycom has a huge network coverage in Russia. In 2021, he decided to revolutionize mobile operators and introduced free tariffs. This step has yielded its first “fruits” and most of the dissatisfied subscribers from the Big Three are happy to test promotional tariff plans. Danycom has only one offer: not to pay for communications. This was done against the backdrop of the fact that all providers are increasing payments and forcing their subscribers to look for alternative options.

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MTS network coverage is updated regularly. Our visitors can see the latest map of this mobile operator. The color scheme is distributed in the following order:

Red LTE, pink 3G, pale pink 2G. When viewing the map, you see a list of available coverage from mobile and Internet operators.

The buttons have a separate selection of 2G, 3G, LTE networks. They have a characteristic sign next to the operator's name. By clicking on the button, a tab with available Internet standards to choose from will open.

The photograph shows all available communication standards. By pressing again, you can cancel the selected network, showing the one you need.

General information about the base station

To understand what a base station is, you need to have an idea of ​​what cellular networks generally consist of. Experience in the development of mobile technology has led to the division of functions and the logical breakdown of the system into three subsystems. Each of which is a closed element that performs certain responsibilities. This is expedient and allows you to effectively monitor operation, track faults and correct errors in the process of development and operation of mobile communications.

Availability, quality and continuity of communication is achieved thanks to three subsystems:

• operation and maintenance - Operation Subsystem or OSS.
• switching - Switching Subsystem or SSS.
• base cellular stations - Base Station Subsystem or BSS.

In the overall system, the OSS subsystem monitors the quality of data exchange and manages all components. Troubleshooting, load management and equipment operation monitoring are carried out automatically or manually by maintenance personnel.

The switching subsystem is the skeleton of the entire GSM network. It provides switching, home and guest location registration, and subscriber authentication.

And finally, the cell base station subsystem. It includes:

• Transcoders - TRAU.
• Controllers - BSC.
• And directly base cellular stations - BTS.

Transcoders and controllers help the subsystem function, and individual stations are assigned the following responsibilities:

• Radio communication in a specific cell;
• Quality control of data exchange (communication);
• Exchange data between each other;
• Signal power control.

Each base cellular station is the center of a cell, providing data transmission and creating a regulated service area (coverage). This is where the name came from - cellular communications.

The base cellular station itself is a complex of an antenna (antennas), a radio module and a power supply. The antennas receive and transmit, the radio module processes and amplifies the signal, and the power supply supplies the base with electricity. Basic antennas are located on buildings and structures, hills, masts, towers up to 300 m high and simply on poles. In any case, the most noticeable part that stands out from the general landscape is the mast with several antennas. They surround us, often we simply don’t notice them. But the mobile phone is working, which means the transceiver is somewhere nearby.

Accuracy Coverage Areas MTS, Megafon, Yota, Tele2, Rostelecom, Sberbank, SkyLink

The accuracy of the Tele2 network coverage has been corrected; for comparison, we recommend going to the official website of the PS company - 03/01/2018 mvno (virtual cellular operator) coverage was added Sberbank-Let's Talk (2G, 3G, 4G), from 09/26/2018 the official name is SBERMobile. 12/21/2016 - coverage maps of Rostelecom (2G,3G,4G) and SkyLink (LTE-450 MHz. Moscow, Krasnodar and surrounding regions have been added. Coverage is growing - you can always determine more precisely on our map)). 01/28/2018 — Coverage of the Republic of Crimea has been updated. 05/16/2018 — Added introductory coverage of 2G,3G,4G Beeline zone. 06/01/2018 — Network coverage of the new mobile virtual operator TTK appeared on our map. 08/19/2018 - Added detailed coverage of the Crimean operator zone: Volna mobile (Volna) - website, Krymtelecom (KTKRU) - website, WIn mobile (WIN) - website. 04/06/2019 — cellular MVNO coverage of the Tinkoff Mobile operator appeared. 10/31/2019 — Beeline operator network coverage has been updated. Now the zones of this cellular provider are in a familiar and convenient format. Idea and development Yota-Faq.ru - The best Coverage Map of Moscow and all of Russia

What is displayed on the mobile operator map

When reviewing network coverage on the official Rostelecom resource, four zones (main) can be roughly defined:

• Unserviced territorial areas - in this case there is no subscriber service area at all, so all mobile communication devices will freeze.
• 2G network – data transfer operates at a speed of 32-160 kbit/sec.
• The 3G network is more extensive than the previous territory, in this case the speed is provided from 200 Kbps and more, up to several megabits.
• 4G coverage – the user receives Internet access at high speeds, reaching up to 75 megabits per second.

It should be understood that all speeds are unstable and vary regularly, and the territorial location designations are relative. Since there are many errors, you can forget even about the relative accuracy of coverage maps.

Household equipment with harmful radiation

For a person, the total radiation that affects his body is important. To ensure minimal harm, a standard has been developed that takes into account the range of location and the degree of reduction in wave activity. It is measured with special instruments.

Antennas on the roof of a residential building

The distance from the house to the cell tower may be greater than the standard defines, and the level of radiation in the apartment is high. An apartment building located under an antenna suffers less from a mobile phone tower than one located to the side of it.

A school physics course teaches that a magnetic field is formed around any conductor when a current passes through it.

The loops cause induced currents. As a result, improperly laid lighting wires can create a harmful background.

Cell tower

The more complex and powerful the electrical device, the more radiation it emits. The table shows devices and instruments familiar in everyday life, as well as how much their radiation exceeds the permissible value.

The permissible radiation for humans is 0.2 µT - microtesla. When talking on the phone for a long time, the head warms up to a depth of 20 mm. This is clearly visible by the burning ear. People leave the subway tired, often with a headache, even if they traveled comfortably. The rate of harmful effects on health has increased hundreds of times.